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-
- Tarski's World
- for the NeXT
-
- Tarski's World is an innovative and enjoyable way to introduce
- students to the language of first-order logic. Using this program,
- students quickly master the meanings of the connectives and
- quantifiers, and soon become fluent in the symbolic language at the
- core of modern logic.
-
- Tarski's World allows students to build three-dimensional worlds
- and to describe them in the language of first-order logic. They
- evaluate the sentences in the constructed worlds, and if their
- evaluation is incorrect, the program provides them with an interactive
- game that leads them to understand where they went wrong.
-
- Tarski's World can be used in any introductory logic course. Over
- a hundred exercises that make use of the program are integrated into
- the logic textbook The Language of First-order Logic, by Jon Barwise
- and John Etchemendy ($34.95). It can also be used as a supplement
- to other logic texts by ordering the stand-alone package Tarski's
- World, by Barwise and Etchemendy ($19.95). For ordering
- information, see the end of this readme file.
-
- Sample Exercises
-
- The following are sample exercises of the kind provided in the
- texts that accompany the program. The samples are taken from the
- chapter that introduces the quantifiers " and $.
-
- Problem 6 (Building a world) Open Aristotle's Sentences. Each of
- these sentences is of one of the four Aristotelian forms. Build a single
- world where all the sentences in the file are true. As you work
- through the sentences, you will find yourself successively modifying
- the world. Whenever you make a change in the world, you had better
- go back and check that you haven't made any of the earlier
- sentences false. Then, when you are finished, verify that all the
- sentences are really true by choosing Verify All from the Sentence
- menu. Save your world as World 6. (You will not be able to save if
- you are using the Demo version of Tarski's World.)
-
- Problem 7 (A common translation mistake) Open Edgar's Sentences
- and evaluate them in Edgar's World. Make sure you understand why
- each of them has the truth value it does. Which of the sentences
- would be a good translation of There is a tetrahedron that is large?
- (Clearly this English sentence is false in Edgar's World, since there
- are no tetrahedra at all.) Which would be a good translation of There
- is a cube between a and b? Can you express in English the claim
- made by sentence 5? How about sentence 6?
-
- Problem 8 (Name that object) Open Maigret's World and Maigret's
- Sentences. The object is to try to figure out which objects have
- names, and what they are. You should be able to figure this out from
- the sentences, all of which are true. Once you have come to your
- conclusion, add names to the objects in the world and see if all the
- sentences do indeed evaluate as true. Save your modified world as
- World 8.
-
- Problem 13 (Vacuously true generalizations) Open Dodgson's
- Sentences. Note that the first sentence says that every tetrahedron is
- large.
-
- • Now open Peano's World. Sentence 1 is clearly false in this
- world, since the small tetrahedron is a “counterexample” to the
- universal claim. What this means is that if you play the game
- committed to the falsity of this claim, then when Tarski's World
- asks you to pick an object you will be able to pick the small
- tetrahedron and win the game. Try this.
-
- • Delete this counterexample and verify that sentence 1 is now
- true.
-
- • Now open Peirce's World. Verify that sentence 1 is again false,
- this time because there are three counterexamples. (Now if you
- play the game committed to the falsity of the sentence, you will
- have three different winning moves when asked to pick an object:
- you can pick any of the small tetrahedra and win.)
-
- • Delete all three counterexamples, and evaluate the claim. Is the
- result what you expected? The generalization is true, because
- there are no counterexamples to it. It is what we called a
- vacuously true generalization, since there are no objects that
- satisfy the antecedent. That is, there are no tetrahedra at all,
- small, medium, or large.
-
- • Confirm that all of sentences 1--3 are vacuously true in the
- current world.
-
- • Two more vacuously true sentences are given in sentences 4
- and 5. However, these sentences are different in another respect.
- Each of the first three sentences could have been non-vacuously
- true in a world, but these latter two can only be true in worlds
- containing no tetrahedra. That is, they are inherently vacuous.
-
- Credits
-
- Tarski's World was created by Jon Barwise and John Etchem-
- endy with funding provided by the Center for the Study of Language
- and Information at Stanford University. The NeXT version of Tarski's
- World was programmed by Eric Ly (NeXT interface) and Dan Fish,
- Eric Ly, and Peter Murray (engine).
-
-
-
- Ordering Information
-
- The Language of First-order Logic and Tarski's World can be
- ordered from the publications department of the Center for the Study
- of Language and Information, at the address below. The program is
- packaged with both of these texts. Be sure to indicate that you would
- like to receive the NeXT version of the program.
-
- All orders must be prepaid by check or credit card. For shipping
- and handling within the US, include $2.50 for the first book and $.75
- for each additional book. California residents add 8.25% sales tax.
- For overseas shipping and handling, add $4.50 for the first book and
- $2.25 for each additional book.
-
-
- ______ The Language of First-order Logic (Mac/NeXT) $34.95
-
- ______ Tarski's World (Mac/NeXT) $19.95
-
-
- Name _________________________________ Total book order $________
-
- Address _______________________________ Sales tax $________
-
- City, State, Zip ________________________ Ship & Handling $________
-
- Visa/MC ______________________________ Total payment $________
- (Circle one)
- Expiration date ___________
-
- Signature ______________________________
-
-
- Return this form to:
-
- CSLI Publications
- Ventura Hall
- Stanford University
- Stanford, CA 94305-4115
- Site licenses
-
- University site licenses for Tarski's World for the NeXT are available for $900.
- Site licenses allow instructors to put Tarski's World on public NeXT clusters and
- allow students and faculty to copy the program for their personal use. For
- information about obtaining a site license, write:
-
- John Etchemendy
- Center for the Study of Language and Information
- Ventura Hall
- Stanford University
- Stanford, CA 94305-4115
-
- Email: etch@csli.stanford.edu
-
-
-
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